Chemicals in space... Professor Mike Merrifield on some beautiful data from a study which caught his eye. More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ Brady visits ALMA - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAQZp6yTR2Q Brady's chemistry channel is Periodic Videos - https://www.youtube.com/periodicvideos Check out Deep Sky Videos, our more focused astronomy channel also featuring Mike: https://www.youtube.com/DeepSkyVideos More videos with Mike - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBNGAgplgACrGL9UlxyDHq7k Mike Merrifield - https://about.me/michael.merrifield Mike is an emeritus professor at the University of Nottingham The paper - ALMA Central Molecular Zone Exploration Survey (ACES) I: Overview - https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.20340 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran. Additional editing James Hennessy. http://www.bradyharanblog.com

Ed Copeland and Tony Padilla answer questions about particles. Metmo Gear Train at https://www.metmo.co.uk/collections/gear-train (discount code SIXTYSYMBOLS10OFF) (video sponsor) More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ More Ed Copeland videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBNtF1y-sneLuyCTE-Mda561 More Tony Padilla videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBPJmX64Jay51cdZTKMz4ACs Ed website: https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/people/ed.copeland Tony website: https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/people/antonio.padilla Some papers co-authored by Ed and/or Tony relating to this video... From Inflation to Quintessence: a History of the Universe in String Theory: https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.03405 Modified Gravity and Cosmology: https://arxiv.org/abs/1106.2476 Formation and decay of oscillons after inflation in the presence of an external coupling: https://inspirehep.net/files/94b6bd94ddb8fe09fbdb84445148fe8d Percolating Cosmic String Networks from Kination: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.12637 Fifth forces, Higgs portals and broken scale invariance: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.07180 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran http://www.bradyharanblog.com Brady's chemistry channel is Periodic Videos - https://www.youtube.com/periodicvideos And mathematics at Numberphile - https://www.youtube.com/numberphile Some of the cover images in the video were partially AI-generated. Tony and Ed are 100% real.

Professor Ed Copeland discusses dark matter and an unexpected link with Lord Kelvin. More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ More videos with Ed Copeland: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBNtF1y-sneLuyCTE-Mda561 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran Additional editing by James Hennessy http://www.bradyharanblog.com Brady's chemistry channel is Periodic Videos - https://www.youtube.com/periodicvideos And mathematics at Numberphile - https://www.youtube.com/numberphile

Professor Meghan Gray discusses how we communicate with probes in deep space. More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ More videos with Professor Gray - playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBORQN625NgO3c4T82M6w2st Live view of the Deep Space Network: https://eyes.nasa.gov/apps/dsn-now/dsn.html Professor Gray is a professor at the University of Nottingham: https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/people/meghan.gray Support Sixty Symbols on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran http://www.bradyharanblog.com Brady's chemistry channel is Periodic Videos - https://www.youtube.com/periodicvideos And mathematics at Numberphile - https://www.youtube.com/numberphile

How a quiz question led to a rabbit hole involving James Clerk Maxwell and the rings of Saturn. More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ Professor Ed Copeland is a physics professor at the University of Nottingham. More Ed on Sixty Symbols: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBNtF1y-sneLuyCTE-Mda561 Ed on Numberphile: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLt5AfwLFPxWJwf-59lYWThTpSj2Ivt5jB On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings: https://archive.org/details/onstabilityofmot00maxw Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran http://www.bradyharanblog.com Brady's chemistry channel is Periodic Videos - https://www.youtube.com/periodicvideos And mathematics at Numberphile - https://www.youtube.com/numberphile

Physics Professor Phil Moriarty puts ChatGPT to the test with a second-year quantum mechanics exam... Extra footage from this interview here: https://youtu.be/OOBJh6jyXxU - More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ Phil has written a blog to accompany this video and the extra video - https://muircheartblog.wpcomstaging.com/2026/01/12/in-quantum-physics-chatgpt-thinks-outside-the-box-just-a-little-too-much/ The Hull paper by Pimbblet and Morrell - https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.01312 Phil Moriarty is a physics professor at the University of Notingham - http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols Videos by Brady Haran and James Hennessy http://www.bradyharanblog.com

Our very own Professor Mike Merrifield is honoured with an asteroid, along with his father the archaeologist Ralph Merrifield. More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ More videos with Mike - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBNGAgplgACrGL9UlxyDHq7k 50426 Mikemerrifield (2000 DJ15) - https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=MIkemerrifield 50427 Ralphmerrifield (2000 DT15) - https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=ralphmerrifield Mike Merrifield - https://about.me/michael.merrifield Mike is an emeritus professor at the University of Nottingham Other videos Asteroid Bradyharan - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBO4UqGylRzFFLZL8wEkRbpo Asteroid Mattparker - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9lKcs-h7fg Asteroid Toutatis - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oc3jD8incYM Catalina Sky Survey - https://catalina.lpl.arizona.edu/ Our thanks to Daniel Bamberger Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics We're on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/sixtysymbols And Twitter at http://twitter.com/sixtysymbols Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran http://www.bradyharanblog.com Email list: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

Professor Meghan Gray discusses spirals in space. More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ Professor Gray playlist - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBORQN625NgO3c4T82M6w2st More links 2025 UK: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c241073v66jo Nottinghamshire: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdrx8kdj8gjo Reddit thread: https://www.reddit.com/r/nottingham/comments/1jj0pbg/anyone_else_just_seen_this_in_the_sky/ 2023 Alaska: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/apr/18/northern-lights-spiral-alaska-night-sky-blue-light-spirals-spacex-rocket-fuel 2023 Hawaii: https://www.space.com/spacex-gps-rocket-launch-spiral-hawaii Movie from Mauna Kea (inc telescopes): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dvI2zAA8vY 2009 Crazy Norwegian spiral: https://slate.com/technology/2009/12/awesomely-bizarre-light-show-freaks-out-norway.html Movie: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoTnLTViHJM Simulation that explains what’s happening: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx8i5EfmYU4 Rocket spiral:. https://www.reddit.com/r/Liverpool/comments/1jj0usk/did_anyone_just_see_this_thing_fly_over_the_sky/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics We're on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/sixtysymbols And Twitter at http://twitter.com/sixtysymbols Videos by Brady Haran and James Hennessy http://www.bradyharanblog.com Email list: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded "for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit". More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ The joint prize winners are John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis. More at https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2025/summary/ Discussing the prize here are Andrew Armour and Phil Moriarty from the University of Nottingham. Previous physics Nobel Prize videos from us: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBNRA7qR5KbgdY1c5IWIJcqf And here are our chemistry Nobel Prize videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9eEsN9D48mddEnxhyfM44MCw4F3PohOI Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics We're on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/sixtysymbols And Twitter at http://twitter.com/sixtysymbols Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran http://www.bradyharanblog.com Email list: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

Tony Padilla on the physics of nothing... Learn more about Jane Street internships at https://jane-st.co/internship-ss-25 (episode sponsor) More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ Featuring Tony Padilla from the University of Nottingham: https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/people/antonio.padilla More Sixty Symbols videos with Tony: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBPJmX64Jay51cdZTKMz4ACs More Numberphile videos with Tony: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLt5AfwLFPxWL8KAJKO3WfHhJcWrJfjgfU Tony's author page on Amazon: https://amzn.to/45AK4JK Check out Fantastic Numbers and Where to Find Them Instability of the Kaluza-Klein vacuum by Witten - https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/instability-of-the-kaluza-klein-vacuum On 'Nothing' by Brown and Dahlen - https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.0301 Cobordism Classes and the Swampland by McNamara and Vafa - https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10355 Do we live on the End of the World? by Muntz, Padilla and Saffin - https://arxiv.org/html/2411.05912v2 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics We're on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/sixtysymbols And Twitter at http://twitter.com/sixtysymbols Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran Animation and artwork by Pete McPartlan http://www.bradyharanblog.com Email list: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

Mike Merrifield discusses the third known interstellar comet to pass through our solar system (3I/ATLAS). More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ Deep Sky Videos: https://www.youtube.com/DeepSkyVideos Messier Objects: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9FC5F6773B383D5 More on the comet 3I/ATLAS... https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/comets/3i-atlas/ https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K25/K25N12.html ESO image: https://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/images/potw2527a/ The paper Mike discusses... https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.05318 More Mike on Sixty Symbols: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBNGAgplgACrGL9UlxyDHq7k Mike Merrifield: https://about.me/michael.merrifield Thanks to Alexander Bock, Linköping University, for visualizations with OpenSpace - https://www.openspaceproject.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics We're on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/sixtysymbols And Twitter at http://twitter.com/sixtysymbols Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran http://www.bradyharanblog.com Email list: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

Professor Mike Merrifield creates his digital doppelganger - then Brady asks them both the same questions. More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ Videos on all 110 Messier Objects (featuring Mike Merrifield): https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC9FC5F6773B383D5 Brady visits the ELT site (before construction): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=450jt8LlcnY More Mike on Sixty Symbols: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBNGAgplgACrGL9UlxyDHq7k Mike Merrifield: https://about.me/michael.merrifield Computerphile videos -- The MikeBot featuring Mike Pound: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP8xpkvs_UI Mike Pound discusses RAG: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=of4UDMvi2Kw GitHub repository with the hardware and code: https://github.com/astromikemerri/XIAOGPT Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics We're on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/sixtysymbols And Twitter at http://twitter.com/sixtysymbols Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran http://www.bradyharanblog.com Email list: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

Professor Meghan Gray discusses space co-ordinates and what sits at position 0,0 in the sky? More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ From Prof Gray: “Mea culpa dear viewers - as rightly pointed out by several commenters, the pinch point of the analemma is not where the equinox occurs. Instead it will be at the midpoint between the top and bottom. Thanks for the correction: happy to set the record straight in the service of science!” More videos with Professor Gray: http://bit.ly/Meghan_Playlist Professor Gray at the University of Nottingham: https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/people/meghan.gray Some of Brady's other channels: https://www.youtube.com/numberphile https://www.youtube.com/deepskyvideos https://www.youtube.com/objectivityvideos https://www.youtube.com/periodicvideos https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkIRMZDOKKKs-d14YPmLMxg (Unmade Podcast) Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols The station/buoy at 0,0 at sea: https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.php?station=13010 This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics We're on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/sixtysymbols And Twitter at http://twitter.com/sixtysymbols Sixty Symbol videos by Brady Haran and James Hennessy http://www.bradyharanblog.com Email list: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

Full interview with Ed from our video about Phantom Dark Energy and findings from DESI... Main video is at https://youtu.be/UDOsuwDeGeE -- More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ Support Sixty Symbols content via Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols DESI paper — https://inspirehep.net/files/4e84e8f39981be29846f14e1a3044e5b ACT paper — https://inspirehep.net/files/575b0da26acedbb91d1e259d88f9e251 Tony Padilla and Ed Copeland are based at the University of Nottingham. More Tony videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBPJmX64Jay51cdZTKMz4ACs More Ed videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBNtF1y-sneLuyCTE-Mda561 This trilogy of Ed videos is especially relevant: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBMxm0HSZCDU7rMAWOt7zLgp Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics We're on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/sixtysymbols And Twitter at http://twitter.com/sixtysymbols Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran http://www.bradyharanblog.com Email list: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

Tony and Ed discuss some recent findings from the world of Dark Energy. Full uncut interview with Ed is at https://youtu.be/rcgnhoe4LSA -- More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓ Support Sixty Symbols content via Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sixtysymbols DESI paper — https://inspirehep.net/files/4e84e8f39981be29846f14e1a3044e5b ACT paper — https://inspirehep.net/files/575b0da26acedbb91d1e259d88f9e251 Tony Padilla and Ed Copeland are based at the University of Nottingham. More Tony videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBPJmX64Jay51cdZTKMz4ACs More Ed videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBNtF1y-sneLuyCTE-Mda561 This trilogy of Ed videos is especially relevant: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcUY9vudNKBMxm0HSZCDU7rMAWOt7zLgp This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://bit.ly/NottsPhysics We're on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/sixtysymbols And Twitter at http://twitter.com/sixtysymbols Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran http://www.bradyharanblog.com Email list: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9