Support us and get 50% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch our video about Operation Albion: https://nebula.tv/videos/realtimehistory-germanys-forgotten-ww1-gamble-operation-albion-1917-historys-most-daring-raids-episode-3?ref=thegreatwar Following the Bolshevik takeover, the communist government under Vladimir Lenin wanted to end Russia's participation in the First World War, transform the country and carry the revolution abroad. But Anti-Bolshevik resistance took hold all over the country and across the political spectrum. Many former parts of the Russian Empire also declared independence and received support from the major powers. There would be no peace and the Russian Civil War had begun. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Mike Gloudemans, George Durrett, Luis Gonzalez, Mike Cumings, Jr., Charles Shananaquet II, Joel Sanchez, shane cawthon, Andrew Thomas Mooney, Chris Rohde, Bruce D, Jim Frame, Glenn Sugden, Lisa Anderson, George Haramundanis, G S, Kempf Mario, jhgBo8jigr hzufjkl, Gayle Elizabeth, Glenn G Webb, Stephen D Nugent PsyD, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Simen Røste, Amy Williams, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, Josh Bruder, Konstantin Bredyuk, Richard L Benkin, Matt, Rob Carle, Murray Godfrey, Jan, Gage Manthey, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Bruce G. Hearns, Stephanie Schindhelm, Paul Wilcox, Brad Durbin, Fogeltje, » SOURCES Gustav Bečvář. The Lost Legion: A Czechoslovakian Epic. S. Paul & Co., 1939. Janzer, Till. Durchkaempfen bis Wladiwostok – Tschechoslowakische Legion in Russland. Radio Prague International,18.10.2008. https://deutsch.radio.cz/durchkaempfen-bis-wladiwostok-tschechoslowakische-legion-russland-8590989 Trotsky, Leon. “Order of June 4, 1918,“ in How the Revolution Armed: The Military Writings and Speeches of Leon Trotsky, vol. I, The Year 1918, trans. Brian Pearce (London: New Park, 1979), p. 282. Smele, Jonathan. The "Russian" Civil Wars, 1916—1926: Ten Years That Shook the World. Oxford UP, 2016 Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames. War, Revolution, Civil War 1914-1921. Oxford UP, 2018. Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Civil War. Pegasus Books, 2005. Figes, Orlando. A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924. The Bodley Head, 2017 [1996]. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander, Sofia Shirogorova Fact checking: Sofia Shirogorova Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2026

Checkout Gallipoli by BlackMill Games: • Steam: https://bit.ly/4tWY1OT • Epic Games Store: https://bit.ly/4d5Nw4B • PlayStation 5: https://bit.ly/4tOyqra • Xbox Series X|S: https://bit.ly/42lEThh On April 25, 1915 Australian, British, New Zealand and French forces landed at the mouth of the Dardanelles to capture the Gallipoli peninsular and march on Constantinople. But the Ottoman defenders, including legendary officer Mustafa Kemal, held firm and the Battle of Gallipoli would last for 7 bloody months. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Mike Gloudemans, George Durrett, Luis Gonzalez, Mike Cumings, Jr., Charles Shananaquet II, Joel Sanchez, shane cawthon, Andrew Thomas Mooney, Chris Rohde, Bruce D, Jim Frame, Glenn Sugden, Lisa Anderson, George Haramundanis, G S, Kempf Mario, jhgBo8jigr hzufjkl, Gayle Elizabeth, Glenn G Webb, Stephen D Nugent PsyD, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Simen Røste, Amy Williams, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, Josh Bruder, Konstantin Bredyuk, Richard L Benkin, Matt, Rob Carle, Murray Godfrey, Jan, Gage Manthey, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Bruce G. Hearns, Stephanie Schindhelm, Paul Wilcox, Brad Durbin, Fogeltje, » SOURCES Broadbent, Harvey. “Desperate Defence.” In Defending Gallipoli. Melbourne University Press, 2015. Department of Veterans’ Affairs. “Australians on Gallipoli After the August Offensive.” Anzac Portal. Last updated June 30, 2022. Accessed October 14, 2025. https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/ww1/where-australians-served/gallipoli/after-august-offensive Erickson, Edward J.: Strength against Weakness. Ottoman military Effectiveness at Gallipoli, 1915, in: The Journal of Military History 65/4 (2001). Ferreira, Sylvain. L’expédition française aux Dardanelles. LEMME edit, 2015. Hart, Peter. Gallipoli. Oxford University Press, 2011. Hart, Peter. The Great War 1914-1918. Profile Books, 2014. Leonhard, Jörn. Die Büchse der Pandora. Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges. CH Beck, 2014. Macleod, Jenny. Gallipoli. Oxford University Press, 2015. Pegler, Martin. Sniping in the Great War. 2008. Roberts, Chris. The Landing at ANZAC 1915. Big Sky Publishing, 2015. Uyar, Mesut, and E.J. Erickson. A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk. Bloomsbury Academic, 2009. Uyar, Mesut. The Ottoman Army and the First World War. Routledge, 2020. Uyar, Mesut. The Ottoman Defence Against the ANZAC Landing: 25 April 1915. Big Sky Publishing, 2015. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Philipp Appelt Motion Design: Philipp Appelt Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2026

Support us and get 50% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch our video about Operation Albion: https://nebula.tv/realtimehistory/historys-most-daring-raids?ref=thegreatwar On March 3, 1918 the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) and Bolshevik Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the First World War on the Eastern Front. The terms were harsher than those the Germans offered in December, and much harsher than the later Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was only in force until November 1918, when the Central Powers’ defeat nullified it. But it had a major impact inside and outside Russia. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Mike Gloudemans, George Durrett, Luis Gonzalez, Mike Cumings, Jr., Charles Shananaquet II, Joel Sanchez, shane cawthon, Andrew Thomas Mooney, Chris Rohde, Bruce D, Jim Frame, Glenn Sugden, Lisa Anderson, George Haramundanis, G S, Kempf Mario, jhgBo8jigr hzufjkl, Gayle Elizabeth, Glenn G Webb, Stephen D Nugent PsyD, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Simen Røste, Amy Williams, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, Josh Bruder, Konstantin Bredyuk, Richard L Benkin, Matt, Rob Carle, Murray Godfrey, Jan, Gage Manthey, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Bruce G. Hearns, Stephanie Schindhelm, Paul Wilcox, Brad Durbin, Fogeltje, » SOURCES Булдаков, В. П. «Мечты о мировой революции и “похабный” мир». В: История России: в 20 т. / Ин-т российской истории РАН. Т. 11: Империя, война, революция. 1914–1917 годы. Кн. 2: От развала империи к Гражданской войне, 709–729. Наука, 2024. Полторак, С. Н. Брест-Литовск: 100 лет истории переговоров о мире. Проспект, 2023. Afflerbach, Holger. On a Knife Edge: How Germany Lost the First World War. Cambridge University Press, 2022. Herwig, Holger H. The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918. Bloomsbury, 2014. Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914–1921. Oxford University Press, 2018. Ludendorff, Erich. Concise Ludendorff Memoirs 1914-1918. Hutchinson and Co, 1935. Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Civil War. Pegasus, 2007. Williams, Ariadna Tyrkova. From Liberty to Brest-Litovsk: the First Year of the Russian Revolution. Macmillan, 1919. Kennan, George. Russia Leaves the War. Princeton University Press, 1956. Wheeler-Bennett, John. Brest-Litovsk: the Forgotten Peace, March 1918. Macmillan, 1938 (1963). » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2026

Support us and get 50% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch the our video about the Cabanatuan Prison Raid: https://nebula.tv/videos/realtimehistory-cabanatuan-the-great-us-ranger-raid-to-save-500-pows-historys-most-daring-raids-episode-1?ref=the-great-war By the spring of 1915, the Western Front had bogged down into trench warfare. Allied offensives tried to break the deadlock in spring and fall 1915. The fall offensives were among the bloodiest of the war. After unprecedented bloodletting and use of munitions, the Western Front was still locked in a stalemate at the end of 1915. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Mike Gloudemans, George Durrett, Luis Gonzalez, Mike Cumings, Jr., Charles Shananaquet II, Joel Sanchez, shane cawthon, Andrew Thomas Mooney, Chris Rohde, Bruce D, Jim Frame, Glenn Sugden, Lisa Anderson, George Haramundanis, G S, Kempf Mario, jhgBo8jigr hzufjkl, Gayle Elizabeth, Glenn G Webb, Stephen D Nugent PsyD, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Simen Røste, Amy Williams, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, Josh Bruder, Konstantin Bredyuk, Richard L Benkin, Matt, Rob Carle, Murray Godfrey, Jan, Gage Manthey, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Bruce G. Hearns, Stephanie Schindhelm, Paul Wilcox, Brad Durbin, Fogeltje, » SOURCES Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. The French Army and the First World War. Cambridge UP, 2014. Lloyd, Nick. The Western Front. Penguin, 2021. Omissi, David. Indian Voices of the Great War. Macmillan, 1999. Pfeifer, Alexander, and Philipp Cross. The Other Trench. The WW1 Diary and Photos of a German Officer. True Perspective, 2024. Le Naour, Jean-Yves. 1915. L’enlisement. Perrin 2013. Desaubliaux, Robert. La ruée, journal d'un poilu. Editions des Presses de la Renaissance, 2005 (1919). Doughty, Robert A. Pyrrhic Victory. Harvard University Press. Kindle Edition. Duclos, Jean, and Louis-Jean Duclos. Notes de campagne, 1914-1916: suivies d'un épilogue, 1917-1925, et commentées par son fils, Louis-Jean Duclos. Harmattan, 2012. Archives, Service historique de la défense (Vincennes). GR/24/N/121-GR/24/N/122 (see also https://www.youtube.com/@Ri315e for more on the 315th) Sheldon, Jack. The German Army on the Western Front 1915. Pen & Sword Books. Kindle Edition. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2026

Support us and get 50% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch the our video about the Cabanatuan Prison Raid: https://nebula.tv/videos/realtimehistory-cabanatuan-the-great-us-ranger-raid-to-save-500-pows-historys-most-daring-raids-episode-1?ref=the-great-war By the late 19th century the US stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific to the Arctic. From the 1890s though, a new wave of American expansion began that resulted in a vast overseas empire including the Philippines, Cuba, Haiti, Panama, Nicaragua, and more. CHAPTERS: 00:00 Intro 01:46 Spanish-American War 33:47 US Annexation of Hawaii 38:23 Monroe Doctrine & Roosevelt Corollary 41:21 US Attempt to Buy Greenland 43:36 US Intervention in Central America 01:02:49 US Intervention in the Caribbean 01:25:02 US Intervention in Mexico 01:29:54 Conclusion » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Mike Gloudemans, George Durrett, Luis Gonzalez, Mike Cumings, Jr., Charles Shananaquet II, Joel Sanchez, shane cawthon, Andrew Thomas Mooney, Chris Rohde, Bruce D, Jim Frame, Glenn Sugden, Lisa Anderson, George Haramundanis, G S, Kempf Mario, jhgBo8jigr hzufjkl, Gayle Elizabeth, Glenn G Webb, Stephen D Nugent PsyD, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Simen Røste, Amy Williams, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, Josh Bruder, Konstantin Bredyuk, Richard L Benkin, Matt, Rob Carle, Murray Godfrey, Jan, Gage Manthey, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Bruce G. Hearns, Stephanie Schindhelm, Paul Wilcox, Brad Durbin, Fogeltje, » SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Brannen, Daniel E. Jr., Spanish-American War, (Farmington Hills, MI : Thomson-Gale, 2003) Cerezo, Don Saturnino Martin, Under the Red and Gold, Being Notes and Recollections of the Siege of Baler, (Kansas City, MO : Franklin Hudson Publishing Co., 1909) Henrickson, Kenneth E. Jr.,, The Spanish-American War, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 2003) Jude Paul Cleope, Earl; Rhimmel Hermandez; Victor Jimenez et al., Philippine History Source Book, (Manila : National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 2021) La Croix, Sumner. Hawai’i : Eight Hundred Years of Political and Economic Change. University of Chicago Press, 2019, https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226592121. Roark, James et al. The American Promise. A Compact History. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010. Castor, Suzy & Garafola, Lynn, “The American Occupation of Haiti (1915-34) and the Dominican Republic (1916-24)” The Massachusetts Review, Vol. 15, No. 1/2, Caliban (Winter - Spring, 1974) Johnson, Jeannie L. The Marines, Counterinsurgency, and Strategic Culture: Lessons Learned and Lost in America's Wars, (Washington D.C. : Georgetown University Press, 2018) Langley, Lester D, The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2002) Langley, Lester D, The United States and the Caribbean, 1900-1970, (Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia Press, 1980) Chapman, Peter, Bananas: How the United Fruit Company Shaped the World, (Edinburgh : Canongate, 2007) Colby, Elbridge, “The United States and the Coto Dispute between Panama and Costa Rica”, The Journal of International Relations, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Jan., 1922) De La Pedraja Tomán, René, Wars of Latin America, 1899-1941, (Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., 2006) Gilderhus, Mark T, The Second Century: U.S.- Latin American Relations Since 1889, (Wilmington, Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc, 2000) Harrison, Benjamin, “The United States and the 1909 Nicaragua Revolution”, Caribbean Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 3/4 (September-December 1995) Moberg, Mark & Striffler, Steve (eds.), Banana Wars: Power, Production and History in the Americas, (Durham, NC : Duke University Press, 2003) Mobley, Scott, ““By the Force of Our Arms” William D. Leahy and the U.S. Intervention in Nicaragua, 1912”, Federal History, (2019) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander, Mark Newton Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2026

Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch Mad Kings on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/madkings?ref=the-great-war The first four months of 1915 witnessed a titanic struggle on the Eastern Front, in East Prussia, the Carpathians, Bukovina, and at Przemysl. Both sides suffered staggering casualties that surpass those of the Somme or Verdun the following year. Ironically, the Austro-Hungarians lost far more men trying to save Przemysl than there were in the fortress. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS George Durrett, Luis Gonzalez, Mike Cumings, Jr., Charles Shananaquet II, Joel Sanchez, shane cawthon, Andrew Thomas Mooney, Chris Rohde, Bruce D, Jim Frame, Glenn Sugden, Lisa Anderson, George Haramundanis, G S, Kempf Mario, jhgBo8jigr hzufjkl, Gayle Elizabeth, Glenn G Webb, Stephen D Nugent PsyD, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Simen Røste, Amy Williams, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, Josh Bruder, Konstantin Bredyuk, Richard L Benkin, Matt, Rob Carle, Murray Godfrey, Jan, Gage Manthey, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Bruce G. Hearns, Stephanie Schindhelm, Paul Wilcox, Brad Durbin, Fogeltje, » SOURCES Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library. “Little-known facts of Russian soldiers’ lives during the World War I.” https://www.prlib.ru/en/news/658705?utm Dornik, Wolfram. Des Kaisers Falke. Studien Verlag, 2013. Stone, David. The Russian Army in the Great War. University Press of Kansas, 2015. Lloyd, Nick. The Eastern Front. Viking, 2024. Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Heereswesen und Kriegsarchiv. Österreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 1914-1918: Zweiter Band Das Kriegsjahr 1915 Erster Teil. Verlag der Militärwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen 1931. Rauchensteiner, Manfried. Der Erste Weltkrieg und das Ende der Habsburgermonarchie 1914 – 1918. Böhlau Verlag 2013. Horne, Charles. Source Records of the Great War. National Alumni, 1923. Tunstall, Graydon A. Blood on the Snow: The Carpathian Winter War of 1915. 2010. Watson, Alexander. The Fortress. Allen Lane, 2019. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander, L Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2026

Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch Mad Kings on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/madkings?ref=the-great-war Order Alexander's Diary in "The Other Trench" in English and "Der andere Graben" in German: https://www.theothertrench.com More than 13 million men served in the German army during the First World War. Most wrote letters home, some kept diaries, and some wrote memoirs if they survived. But over a century later, it’s rare to have a window into the everyday thoughts and feelings of one man, a time capsule of the experience of one of those 13 million. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS George Durrett, Luis Gonzalez, Mike Cumings, Jr., Charles Shananaquet II, Joel Sanchez, shane cawthon, Andrew Thomas Mooney, Chris Rohde, Bruce D, Jim Frame, Glenn Sugden, Lisa Anderson, George Haramundanis, G S, Kempf Mario, jhgBo8jigr hzufjkl, Gayle Elizabeth, Glenn G Webb, Stephen D Nugent PsyD, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Simen Røste, Amy Williams, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, Josh Bruder, Konstantin Bredyuk, Richard L Benkin, Matt, Rob Carle, Murray Godfrey, Jan, Gage Manthey, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Bruce G. Hearns, Stephanie Schindhelm, Paul Wilcox, Brad Durbin, Fogeltje, » SOURCES Pfeifer, Alexander, and Philipp Cross. The Other Trench. The WW1 Diary and Photos of a German Officer. True Perspective, 2024. Leonhard, Jörn. Die Büchse der Pandora. Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges. CH Beck, 2014. Stevenson, David. 1914-1918. Penguin, 2012. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Voice Actor for Alexander Pfeiffer: Martin Kuupa https://www.martinkuupa.de/ Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander, Beatrice Braun-Arnold Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2025

Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch Mad Kings about Nicolae Ceaușescu https://nebula.tv/videos/madkings-nicolae-ceausescu?ref=the-great-war The armistice of November 11, 1918 ended the fighting between the Great Powers in the first world war. But for much of Europe and the Middle East, the armistice nor the peace treaties that followed failed to achieve a stable peace. The collapse of the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires left an unstable power vacuum and brought opportunities for political violence. The so-called Big Four victorious powers at the Paris Peace Conference – the Americans, British, French, and Italians – didn’t have the power or political will to impose peace everywhere. The result was a series of bitter regional wars that would plunge millions into ruin, radically reshape the map, and still fire debates today. CHAPTERS: 00:00 Hungarian-Romanian War 22:46 Polish-Soviet War 49:21 Greco-Turkish War 01:15:21 Irish War of Independence 01:36:16 Irish Civil War » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS George Durrett, Luis Gonzalez, Mike Cumings, Jr., Charles Shananaquet II, Joel Sanchez, shane cawthon, Andrew Thomas Mooney, Chris Rohde, Bruce D, Jim Frame, Glenn Sugden, Lisa Anderson, George Haramundanis, G S, Kempf Mario, jhgBo8jigr hzufjkl, Gayle Elizabeth, Glenn G Webb, Stephen D Nugent PsyD, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Simen Røste, Amy Williams, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, Josh Bruder, Konstantin Bredyuk, Richard L Benkin, Matt, Rob Carle, Murray Godfrey, Jan, Gage Manthey, Theodore Patrick Shannon, Bruce G. Hearns, Stephanie Schindhelm, Paul Wilcox, Brad Durbin, Fogeltje, » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2025

Get the Nebula Lifetime membership and save $200: https://go.nebula.tv/lifetime?ref=thegreatwar Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end?ref=the-great-war Both the Entente and the Central Powers didn't achieve a breakthrough in 1916. 1917 would bring dramatic changes on all fronts with new weapons, tactics, two Russian Revolutions and more. Chapters: 00:00 Intro 00:31 Russian February Revolution 1917 10:56 Western Front Spring Offensives 1917 37:24 US Entry into WW1 55:08 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare 56:56 French Mutinies 1917 01:00:11 Kerensky Offensive 1917 01:24:53 Romanian Front 1917 01:26:58 Balkan Front 1917 01:28:53 African Theatre 1917 01:30:06 Middle East Campaign 1917 01:51:21 Battle of Passchendaele 02:11:01 Battle of Riga 1917 02:12:19 Russian October Revolution 1917 02:20:48 Battle of Caporetto 1917 02:39:18 Air War 1917 02:40:49 Battle of Cambrai 1917 03:13:21 Home Fronts and War Economy 1917 » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Charles Shananaquet II , Bruce D., Rose Flaglor, Reed Spilmann, Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES (Selection) Lloyd, Nick. The Eastern Front. Viking, 2024. Lloyd, Nick. The Western Front. Viking, 2021. Stevenson, David. 1914 1918. The History of the First World War. Penguin, 2013. Hart, Peter. The Great War: A Combat History of the First World War. Oxford University Press 2013. Torrey, Glenn. The Romanian Battlefront in World War I. University of Kansas Press, 2011. Watson, Alexander. Ring of Steel. Penguin, 2015. Afflerbach, Holger. Auf Messers Schneide. Wie das Deutsche Reich den Ersten Weltkrieg verlor. CH Beck, 2022. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2025

Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end?ref=the-great-war In the late 19th and early 20th century the great European powers were entangled in a series of escalating crises and wars. Each successive crisis brought the world one step closer to the outbreak of the First World War. CHAPTERS: 00:00 Intro and Fashoda Crisis 03:43 2nd Boer War 1899-1900 30:34 Serbia 1903 32:27 Russo-Japanese War 1904/05 01:00:14 1st Moroccan Crisis 1905 01:02:03 Pig War 1906 01:03:55 Bosnian Crisis 1908 01:06:43 2nd Moroccan Crisis 1911 01:09:20 Italo-Turkish War 1911/12 01:37:57 First Balkan War 1912/13 02:01:46 Second Balkan War 1913 02:10:45 Albanian Crisis 1912/13 02:13:31 July Crisis 1914 » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Rose Flaglor, Reed Spilmann, Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/moroccan-crises-1905-1911/ https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/prochaska-affair-1-2/ Barraclough, Geoffrey: From Agadir to Armageddon. Anatomy of a Crisis. 1982. Bataković, Dusan: The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics. 1996 Brooke-Smith, Robin: The Scramble for Africa. 1987. Clark, Christopher. The Sleepwalkers. Penguin, 2012. Glenny, Misha: The Balkans 1804-1999. Nationalism, War and the Great Powers. 1999. Gurakuq, Romeo: Albania 1911-1914. 2012. Kniazheva, Ekaterina: May Coup in Serbia in 1903 and its coverage by the French press. 2017. Langer, William: 1908. Prelude to the World War. 1929. Lewis, David: The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa. 1987. Murakami, Ryo: Rethinking the “Pig War” (1906-1911) Seeking the Origins of the First World War. 2023 Skendi, Stavro: The Albanian National Awakening. 2015. Smith, Hillas: The Unknown Frenchman: The story of Marchand and Fashoda. 2001. Turbic, Ernes: 1908. The Annexation of Bosnia in the Serbian Press. 2024. Vaïsse, M. (2004). L'Entente cordiale de Fachoda à la Grande Guerre: dans les archives du Quai d'Orsay (in French). Brussels: Éditions Complexe Vandervort, Bruce: Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa 1830-1914. 1998. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander, Mark Newton Fact checking: Florian Wittig, Jesse Alexander Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2025

Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war What Rhineland 45: https://nebula.tv/videos/real-time-history-1-come-hell-or-high-water-i-rhineland-45?ref=the-great-war&utm_content=the-great-war By April 1915, the Western Front was mired in trench warfare. Germany’s new Chief of Staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, didn’t think his army could break the deadlock, and Germany needed to help struggling Austro-Hungarian forces in the East. Before the Germans turned against Russia though, they decided to attack in the West to keep the Allies off balance. They chose to strike at the vulnerable Ypres Salient – and they would support the coming offensive with a weapon their enemies had never seen. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Rose Flaglor, Reed Spilmann, Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Cassar, George H. Trial by Gas : The British Army at the Second Battle of Ypres. Potomac Books, an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press, 2014. Cook, Tim. At the Sharp End. Canadians Fighting the Great War 1914-1916. Penguin, 2007. Everts, Sarah. 100 Years of Chemical Weapons, https://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i8/100-years-chemical-weapons.html?ref=search_results, 08.02.2025. Girard, Marion. A Strange and Formidable Weapon : British Responses to World War I Poison Gas. University of Nebraska Press, 2008. Haber, L. F. The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War. Oxford University Press, 1986. Hart, Peter. The Great War: A Combat History of the First World War. Oxford University Press 2013. Historique sommaire du 73e régiment d’infanterie territoriale. Imprimeries Oberthur, 1920. Humphries, Mark Osborne and Maker, John. Germany’s Western Front : Translations from the German Official History of the Great War. Volume II, 1915. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2010. Iarocci, Andrew. Shoestring Soldiers. The 1st Canadian Division at War, 1914-1915. University of Toronto Press, 2008. Jones, Spencer. Ypres, Battles of, 1914-1918-online International Encyclopedia of the First World War, https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/ypres-battles-of/, 17.07.2024. Lee, John. The Gas Attacks : Ypres 1915. Pen and Sword, 2009. Ministère de la guerre. Histoire des armées françaises dans la Grande guerre, Tome II. État-Major de l’armée - service historique, 1930. Omissi David. Indian Voices of the Great War. Soldiers’ letters, 1914-1918. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. Prete, Roy A. Strategy and Command : The Anglo-French Coalition on the Western Front, 1915. McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2021. Raith, Anne. Erster Giftgasangriff: Der lautlose Tod, https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/erster-giftgasangriff-der-lautlose-tod-100.html, 15.02.2025. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Philipp Appelt Motion Design: Philipp Appelt Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, picture alliance and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2025

Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war What Rhineland 45: https://nebula.tv/videos/real-time-history-1-come-hell-or-high-water-i-rhineland-45?ref=the-great-war&utm_content=the-great-war In early 1917, the United States was still neutral in the First World War. Meanwhile, German leaders were getting desperate – if they couldn’t find a way to break the war of attrition on the Western Front, the Allies would probably defeat them. The result was multiple gambles that staked everything on a quick victory with the risk of drawing the US into the war. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Rose Flaglor, Reed Spilmann, Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Abbatiello, John. “Atlantic U-boat Campaign,” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 2016. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/atlantic-u-boat-campaign/ Halpern, Paul G.. “Naval Warfare (USA),” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 2014. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/naval-warfare-usa/ Keene, Jennifer D. “United States of America,” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 2014. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/united-states-of-america/ Kennedy, Ross. “Governments, Parliaments and Parties (USA),” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 2017. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/governments-parliaments-and-parties-usa/ Lloyd, Nick. The Western Front. Penguin, 2021. Medlock, Chelsea Autumn. “Lusitania, Sinking of,” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 2019. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/lusitania-sinking-of-1-1/ Neiberg, Michael S. The Path to War : How the First World War Created Modern America. Oxford University Press, 2016. President Woodrow Wilson’s Message on Neutrality, August 19, 1914. https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/august-19-1914-message-neutrality President Woodrow Wilson's address to Congress, April 2, 1917. Proclamation of the President, April 6, 1917. https://archive.org/details/presidentwoodrow00unit/mode/2up Rinke, Stefan. “Zimmermann Telegram,” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 2014. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/zimmermann-telegram/ U.S. Army War College, “Michael S. Neiberg – Why the US Entered the First World War and Why it Matters,” YouTube, 2018. https://youtu.be/-F7OAIRlKN0?si=ubRXX1L-wvgCaBBX Watson, Alexander. Ring of Steel. Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914-1918. Penguin, 2014. Yockelson, Mitchell. “Pre-war Military Planning (USA),” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 2014. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/pre-war-military-planning-usa/ N.N. “The Zimmermann Telegram.” In Cryptologic Quarterly. https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-quarterly/the_zimmermann_telegram.pdf » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Philipp Appelt Motion Design: Philipp Appelt Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander, Sophie Soulière Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, picture alliance and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2025

Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end?ref=the-great-war In the last years of the 19th century, tension was building in the Caribbean. American newspapers were filled with grisly reports of Spanish atrocities against the people of Cuba struggling for independence. US businessmen and expansionist politicians also saw practical opportunities in Spain’s struggles: great power status and an empire for the United States. It’s the Spanish-American War. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Rose Flaglor, Reed Spilmann, Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Berry-Cabán, Cristóbal S. “Prelude to Imperialism: Puerto Rico and the United States, 1895–1898.” The Journal of Caribbean History, vol. 58, no. 2, 2024, pp. 77–104 Brannen, Daniel E. Jr., Spanish-American War, (Farmington Hills, MI : Thomson-Gale, 2003) Caban, Pedro A. Constructing A Colonial People : Puerto Rico And The United States, 1898-1932. First edition., Taylor and Francis, 2018. Cerezo, Don Saturnino Martin, Under the Red and Gold, Being Notes and Recollections of the Siege of Baler, (Kansas City, MO : Franklin Hudson Publishing Co., 1909) Henrickson, Kenneth E. Jr.,, The Spanish-American War, (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 2003) Jude Paul Cleope, Earl; Rhimmel Hermandez; Victor Jimenez et al., Philippine History Source Book, (Manila : National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 2021) Martínez-Fernández, Luis. “Puerto Rico in the Whirlwind of 1898: Conflict, Continuity, and Change.” OAH Magazine of History, vol. 12, no. 3, 1998, pp. 24–29. Parker, John J. The Gatlings of Santiago: the History of the Gatling Gun Detachment, U. S. Fifth Army Corps, During the Spanish-American War, Cuba, 1898, (Leonaur Publishing, 2010) Quesada, Alejandro de, The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection: 1889-1902, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2007) Roosevelt, Theodore, The Rough Riders, (New York, NY : Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1899) Schult, Volker & Wionzek, Harl-Heinz (eds.), The German and Austrian Navies in the Philippines and their role in the Spanish-American War of 1898, (Manila : National Historical Commission of the Philippines, 2017) Telfer, George F. Manila Envelopes: Oregon Volunteer Lt. George F. Telfer’s Spanish-American War Letters, (Portland, OR : The Oregon Historical Society Press, 1987) Valiña, Cayetano, ‘Diary of Cayetano Valiña’ Werstein, Irving, 1898: The Spanish-American War, (New York, NY : Cooper Square Publishers, Inc., 1966) » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Mark Newton, Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2025

Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end?ref=the-great-war In May 1915, the Central Powers launched one of the greatest offensive operations of the First World War. The armies of Germany and Austria-Hungary planned to smash their way through Russia lines and tip the strategic balance in their favor. The result was one of the biggest and bloodiest campaigns of the war, known today as the Great Russian Retreat. » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Rose Flaglor, Reed Spilmann, Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Dowling, Timothy. “Eastern Front,” in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel et al. Freie Universität Berlin. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/eastern-front/#toc_1915_breakthrough_and_retreat Gattrell, Peter. Russia’s First World War: A Social and Economic History. Routledge, 2005. Le Naour, Jean-Yves. 1915. L’enlisement. Perrin, 2013. Lloyd, Nick. The Eastern Front. Viking, 2024. Neiberg, Michael and David Jordan. The Eastern Front 1914-1920. Amber Books, 2012. Rauchensteiner, Manfried. Der Erste Weltkrieg und das Ende der Habsburgermonarchie 1914–1918. Böhlau, 2013. Stone, David. The Russian Army in the Great War. The Eastern Front 1914-1917. University Press of Kansas, 2015. Stone, Norman. The Eastern Front 1914-1917. Penguin, 1998 (1975). Watson, Alexander. Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914-1918. Черкасов, Александр et al. “Атака мертвецов (Осовец, 1915 г.): миф или реальность” in Былые годы. No. 4 (22), 2011. https://cherkasgu.press/images/books/pdf/ataka-mertvetsov-osovets-1915-g-mif-ili-realnost.pdf Подвиг псковича, no. 1104, 1915. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller, Philipp Appelt Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2025

Support us and get 40% off Nebula: https://go.nebula.tv/the-great-war Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end?ref=the-great-war For more than three long months in 1917, Allied and German soldiers fought tooth and nail over a battlefield churned into a sea of sucking mud and shellholes by the guns. Hundreds of thousands were killed and wounded, some of them drowning in the soupy ground — for Allied gains of just a few kilometers. So why did the Battle of Passchendaele happen at all, and was it the most pointless battle of the First World War? » SUPPORT THE CHANNEL Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realtimehistory Nebula: https://nebula.tv/the-great-war » THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS Rose Flaglor, Reed Spilmann, Erik Ritter, Cardboard, Ken Brownfield, David Garfinkle, Raymond Martin, Konstantin Bredyuk, Lisa Anderson, Brad Durbin, Jeremy K Jones, Murray Godfrey, John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje » SOURCES Boff, Jonathan. Haig’s Enemy. Crown Prince Rupprecht and Germany’s War on the Western Front. OUP, 2018. Fraser, Donald. The Journal of Private Fraser. CEF Books, 1998. Hart, Peter. The Great War 1914-1918. Profile Books, 2013. Jones, Spencer. “Ypres, Battles of.” In 1914-1918-online International Encyclopedia of the First World War, https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/ypres-battles-of/ Jünger, Ernst. Storm of Steel. Penguin, 2004. Ludendorff, Erich. My War Memories, 1914–1918. Hutchinson & Co, 1919. Moore, Chris. “The General Who Wept.” In Historia. https://www.historiamag.com/the-general-who-wept/. New Zealand History, “New Zealand’s Blackest Day at Passchendaele.” https://nzhistory.govt.nz/new-zealands-blackest-day-at-passchendaele Sassoon, Siegfried. “Memorial Tablet.” 1918. https://net.lib.byu.edu/english/wwi/children/memorial.html Sheffield, Gary. “Haig, Douglas.” 1914-1918-online International Encyclopedia of the First World War, https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/haig-douglas/. Stevenson, David. 1914 1918. The History of the First World War. Penguin, 2013. Warner, Philip. Passchendaele: The Story Behind the Tragic Victory of 1917. Pen & Sword Military Classics, 2005. Wiest, Andrew. Haig: The Evolution of a Commander. Potomac Books, 2005. » OUR SISTER CHANNEL https://youtube.com/realtimehistory »CREDITS Presented by: Jesse Alexander Written by: Jesse Alexander Director: Toni Steller Editing: Toni Steller Motion Design: Toni Steller, Philipp Appelt Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com Research by: Jesse Alexander, Leander Lerch Fact checking: Florian Wittig Executive Producer: Florian Wittig Channel Design: Yves Thimian Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3 All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image. All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2024